Research & Publications

The Intercultural Development Inventory® is used in a variety of research applications by independent IDI Qualified Administrator researchers. Explore our searchable index of publications to learn more about how the IDI has been used.

Our goal is to provide a complete database of articles related to the IDI. Do you have an IDI publication that you would like to share with us? Please let us know!

Cutting, M., Goda, Y., & Suzuki, K. Evaluating Impact of Pre-Departure Training on Study Abroad Outcomes by Adapting Kirkpatrick’s Evaluation Framework.
The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of pre-training delivered to students participating in a study abroad program. The student participated in 7-week-long pre-departure training. Students took pre-post IDI assessments, and students in both the experiment and control groups demonstrated a significant increase in IDI scores. Further ANCOVA was conducted on the posttest IDI scores for both the experiment and control group. The results of the study demonstrated that pre-training was effective (after controlling for pre-test scores) and students in the experimental group demonstrated a significant increase in post-test scores after the training. Further interviews were conducted after 6 months of study abroad, and the major theme that evolved from the analysis of the interview transcript was that students demonstrated care for other cultures. The study demonstrated that pre-training is an effective method to help students develop intercultural competence.
2021
Mixed-Method
International Education
Since 2021

Keywords:

pre-training, study-abroad

Methodological Approach:

idi, interviews, ancova
Kirby, K. F., Earle, M., Calahan, C. A., & Karagory, P. (2021). Preparing nursing students for diverse populations. Nurse Education in Practice, 55, 103140.
The study aimed to understand the impact of integrating the concepts of diversity and inclusion in the nursing curriculum. Students were divided into two groups, the first group consisted of 61 students and was referred to as the intervention group, and the other group had 56 students and was referred to as the control group. Students in the intervention group underwent 20 hours of training on diversity and inclusion, whereas the control group was not imparted any intercultural training. Students in both groups took a pre and post-IDI test. The results of the study demonstrated that students in the intervention group demonstrated gains in both DO and PO scores. Also, there was a significant increase in the mean score of pre and post-IDI results for the intervention group. The control group also demonstrated an increase in the PO and DO from pre to post, but the increase was not significant. Lastly independent sample t-test was conducted for the intervention and control groups. The results of the study demonstrated that there was no significant difference in pretest results, but the post-test results demonstrated a significant increase for the intervention group.
2021
Quantitative
Healthcare
Since 2021

Keywords:

intercultural-mindset, integration-of-intercultural-learning-in-nursing

Methodological Approach:

idi-instrument, pre-post-test-design, experiment-and-control-groups-of-ug-students.
Fanous, S. M., Wiersma-Mosley, J. D., Herold, L., Timby, D., McNally, S., & Flack, B. (2020). Intercultural competence among early childhood educators. Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences, 21(1), 3
The study was conducted to help early childhood educators to develop intercultural competence. Twenty-four childhood educators and staff participated in the study. All the participants took a pre and post-IDI. Pre-IDI took place in December of 2019. After the pre-IDI, all the 24 participants participated in a 3-hour-long intercultural training workshop. During the workshop, participants were asked to identify toys, books, etc., that promoted diversity and cultural representation. Further, participants were asked to create a list of the items they wished to see in class. The requested toys and books were bought for the classrooms. Three months later, the post - IDI assessment was conducted in March 2020. The results were analyzed using a t-test as 21 participants took the post-test. The results demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the DO score from pre to post. Also, in the pre-test, eight were in polarization, 13 in minimization, 1 in acceptance, and 2 in adaptation. In Posttest, four were in polarization, 11 in minimization, and 6 in acceptance. The results of the study concluded that the intervention helped the educators make changes to their curriculum and environment, making them interculturally aware and competent.
2020
Quantitative
Teacher Development
2016-2020

Keywords:

curriculum-integration

Methodological Approach:

idi, t-test
Karkour, I. (2020). Toward “Living Together”: Developing Intercultural Sensitivity Through Arabic Foreign Language Coursework. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 9(1), 57-70.
The study examined the role of a foreign language class in helping students develop intercultural sensitivity. The study was conducted in an undergraduate-level foreign language course. The course consisted of 26 undergraduate students studying Arabic for the first time. All the 26 students took a pre and post-IDI. The results of pre-IDI indicated that students were in the ethnocentric stage, with their average lying in the polarization phase. Three of 26 students were in denial, 13 polarization, and ten minimizations. Further, a post-test was conducted at the end of the Fall 2017 semester. The results demonstrated that students were still in the polarization phase with a marginal shift in the DO scores. But out of 26 students, four were in denial, 8 in polarization, and 14 in minimization. Also, there was no statistically significant increase in the DO scores from pre to post-test. Further instructors were interviewed to understand the course's pedagogical approach and get their opinion on the student IDI score. The interview helped to uncover the fact that there was no intentional integration of intercultural learning or awareness in the course. The facts about the culture were taught spontaneously or need-based. Therefore the study suggested that foreign language classes need to reform their pedagogy and intentionally integrate the cultural aspects to improve cultural sensitivity.
2020
Mixed-Method
Languages
2016-2020

Keywords:

exploratory-study

Methodological Approach:

idi, descriptive-statistics
Zazzi, E. (2020). Contributors to the development of intercultural competence in nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 90, 104424
The study focused on improving intercultural competence among nursing students by integrating intercultural learning within the curriculum. The study was conducted in Switzerland with an aim of understanding the impact of integrating intercultural competence in the nursing curriculum on nursing students. Nursing Students participated in 16 training sessions each semester and one student exchange program in the last year of their education. The study conducted paired t-test for the sample of 1112. All the participants completed a pre and post IDI. The results of the study demonstrated that there was a significant increase in the developmental orientation scores but not in perceived orientation scores. The overall study demonstrated that integrating the concepts of intercultural competence was effective and helped nursing students to develop intercultural competence.
2020
Quantitative
Healthcare
2016-2020

Keywords:

intercultural-competence-among-nursing-students

Methodological Approach:

quantitative, paired-t-test, pre-post-idi-survey

White Paper

White Paper

Validity

Validity

Graduate Program

Graduate Program

Physical Therapy

Physical Therapy

Nursing

Nursing

Learning Communities

Learning Communities

First Year Students

First Year Students

High Impact Practices

High Impact Practices

Anti-Racism

Anti-Racism

World Language Learning

World Language Learning

Curriculum Revision

Curriculum Revision

Learning and Development

Learning and Development

Employee Engagement

Employee Engagement

Managers

Managers

COIL

COIL

Engineering Course

Engineering Course

UN Sustainable Development Goals

UN Sustainable Development Goals

Course Curriculum

Course Curriculum

Interior Design Curriculum

Interior Design Curriculum

Interior Design Education

Interior Design Education

Interior Design

Interior Design

Horse Industry

Horse Industry

Short-Term Study Abroad

Short-Term Study Abroad

Perseverance

Perseverance

Equity

Equity

Reconciliation

Reconciliation

Justice

Justice

Pilgrimage

Pilgrimage

Intercultural Leadership

Intercultural Leadership

Preservice Teachers

Preservice Teachers

Diverse Learners

Diverse Learners

Agricultural Education

Agricultural Education

Service Learning

Service Learning

Nutrition

Nutrition

CBMCC

CBMCC

Tertiary Education

Tertiary Education

Multicultural Education

Multicultural Education

Critical Race Theory

Critical Race Theory

Diversity Education

Diversity Education

Dilemma

Dilemma

Disorienting

Disorienting

Mentorship

Mentorship

Transformative Learning

Transformative Learning

Military

Military

Linguistics

Linguistics

Internationalization of School Education

Internationalization of School Education

Assessment

Assessment

Secondary School

Secondary School

International Pupil Mobility

International Pupil Mobility

Autobiography of Intercultural Encounters

Autobiography of Intercultural Encounters

Peru

Peru

Culturally Responsive School Leadership

Culturally Responsive School Leadership

Doctoral Students

Doctoral Students

Leadership

Leadership

Staff

Staff

Languages

Languages

Autobiography

Autobiography

Diversity

Diversity

Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism

Reflective Writing

Reflective Writing

International Education

International Education

Intercultural Development

Intercultural Development

Intercultural Development Continuum (IDC)

Intercultural Development Continuum (IDC)

Face-to-Face Learning

Face-to-Face Learning

Virtual Learning

Virtual Learning

Healthcare

Healthcare

Undergraduate Students

Undergraduate Students

STEM Education

STEM Education

Coaching

Coaching

Intercultural Development Plan (IDP)

Intercultural Development Plan (IDP)

IDI Guided Development

IDI Guided Development

Ethics Position Questionnaire

Ethics Position Questionnaire

Higher Education

Higher Education

SILC

SILC

Quasi-Experimental Design

Quasi-Experimental Design

Comfort Providing End-of-Life Care

Comfort Providing End-of-Life Care

ICL

ICL

STEM

STEM

Inventory For Assessing the Process of Cultural Competence among Healthcare Professionals-Student Version© (IAPCC-SV)

Inventory For Assessing the Process of Cultural Competence among Healthcare Professionals-Student Version© (IAPCC-SV)

Disposition To Forgive Scale

Disposition To Forgive Scale

NEP (New Ecological Paradigm)

NEP (New Ecological Paradigm)

LSS

LSS

Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying

Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying

Reflections

Reflections

MAKSS-R

MAKSS-R

myCAP

myCAP

Group Discussion

Group Discussion

Upper Class-Men

Upper Class-Men

CCSE

CCSE

Experiential Learning

Experiential Learning

Creative Action Methodology

Creative Action Methodology

Religious Orientation Scale-Revised

Religious Orientation Scale-Revised

Spiritual Assessment Inventory

Spiritual Assessment Inventory

Materialism Scale

Materialism Scale

Quest Scale

Quest Scale

Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revise

Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revise

Intercultural Learning (ICL)

Intercultural Learning (ICL)

Engineering

Engineering

Speech Therapy

Speech Therapy

Role of Institution/Instructor

Role of Institution/Instructor

Research Synthesis

Research Synthesis

Dependent Sample T-Tests

Dependent Sample T-Tests

Independent Sample T-Test

Independent Sample T-Test

Journal Entries

Journal Entries

Student Narratives

Student Narratives

Narrative Analysis

Narrative Analysis

Skills Survey-Revised (MAKSS-R)

Skills Survey-Revised (MAKSS-R)

Student Learning Outcomes

Student Learning Outcomes

Course Design

Course Design

Paired Sample t-Test

Paired Sample t-Test

Enneagram

Enneagram

Intercultural Conflict Style (ICS) Inventory

Intercultural Conflict Style (ICS) Inventory

Written Reflections

Written Reflections

Independent T-Test

Independent T-Test

Phenomenology

Phenomenology

Two-Sample t-Test

Two-Sample t-Test

One-Tailed Test

One-Tailed Test

Case Study

Case Study

N/A

N/A

Thematic Analysis of Various Documents

Thematic Analysis of Various Documents

IDI Instrument

IDI Instrument

Two-Way Analysis of Variance

Two-Way Analysis of Variance

Focus Group

Focus Group

Semi-Structured Interviews

Semi-Structured Interviews

CHI SQUARE

CHI SQUARE

ANCOVA

ANCOVA

Herman Brian Dominence Instrument

Herman Brian Dominence Instrument

Intervention

Intervention

Regression Analysis

Regression Analysis

Experiment and Control Groups of UG Students

Experiment and Control Groups of UG Students

IDI Survey

IDI Survey

Pre-Post IDI Survey

Pre-Post IDI Survey

Analysis of Variance

Analysis of Variance

Technical Action Research

Technical Action Research

Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative Analysis

Content Analysis

Content Analysis

Thematic Analysis

Thematic Analysis

Interviews

Interviews

Study Abroad

Study Abroad

ACC&U Rubrics for Scoring Written Responses

ACC&U Rubrics for Scoring Written Responses

Independent Sample T-Test and Thematic Analysis

Independent Sample T-Test and Thematic Analysis

Pre-Post Assessment

Pre-Post Assessment

Pre-Post-Test Design

Pre-Post-Test Design

ANOVA Two Way and Correlation

ANOVA Two Way and Correlation

Multiple Regression

Multiple Regression

Descriptive

Descriptive

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics and Content Analysis

Descriptive Statistics and Content Analysis

Descriptive Statistics and Small Scale Methodological Approach

Descriptive Statistics and Small Scale Methodological Approach

Correlation

Correlation

ANOVA

ANOVA

Descriptive Statistics and Thematic Analysis

Descriptive Statistics and Thematic Analysis

Paired T-Test

Paired T-Test

SAGS

SAGS

Pre-Interviews

Pre-Interviews

Critical Thinking Test Scale

Critical Thinking Test Scale

ANOVA One-Way

ANOVA One-Way

Quantitative

Quantitative

T-Test

T-Test

IDI

IDI
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