Research & Publications

The Intercultural Development Inventory® is used in a variety of research applications by independent IDI Qualified Administrator researchers. Explore our searchable index of publications to learn more about how the IDI has been used.

Our goal is to provide a complete database of articles related to the IDI. Do you have an IDI publication that you would like to share with us? Please let us know!

Maloney, T. R., & Asbury, T. E. (2018). The Drop-Off: Pedagogy for Study Abroad Educators Fostering Intercultural Competence. International Research and Review, 7(2), 65-84
The study was conducted to understand the impact of a drop-off pedagogy, an experiential learning approach that allows students to explore a habitat or community that they are completely unaware of. The study was conducted in Ireland; 23 students in semester 1 and 12 students in semester 2 participated in the study. The students were supposed to complete a series of tasks before the program, and during the program, they were required to interact, communicate, learn from the locals and also write reflections. All the students took a pre and post-IDI; the results of the IDI revealed that students demonstrated a statistically significant increase from pre-test to post-test scores. Overall the study concluded that participating in experiential learning allowed the students to become interculturally competent.
2018
Quantitative
Experiential Learning
2016-2020

Keywords:

curriculum-integration, experiential-learning

Methodological Approach:

idi
Lambert Snodgrass, L., Morris, P. V., & Acheson, K. (2018). Assessing the intercultural sensitivity of students in an agriculture diversity and social justice course. Multicultural Education Review, 10(4), 292-309.
The study focused on understanding the impact of a 16-week course on cultural sensitivity on undergraduate students enrolled in diversity and social justice course. The study used a pre-post IDI survey to assess the intercultural learning (ICL) of the students. The course followed an active learning format, and students were engaged in the classroom to practice ICL skills through discussion, projects, and activities. The results of IDI were evaluated using a paired sample t-test. The results revealed that there was a significant gain in pre-post PO and DO scores. There was also a statistically significant difference between the pre-test scores of PO and DO. Also, there was a statistically significant difference between the post-test scores PO and DO scores. The results also revealed that out of 85 students, 26 students moved at least one stage further on the continuum, 6 moved two stages forward, and 9 students moved from low minimization to high minimization. Also, 11 students regressed one stage, and 2 students regressed two stages. There was also a decrease in the PO and DO scores from pre and post-test by 3.4 points. The study concluded that the course helped the majority of students to develop cultural sensitivity and course activities helped students to transfer their disciplinary knowledge to practical knowledge.
2018
Quantitative
STEM
2016-2020

Keywords:

curriculum-integration

Methodological Approach:

idi
Fitzgerald, E. A., Marzalik, P. R., & Kue, J. (2018). Assessing intercultural development pre-and post education abroad. Journal of Nursing Education, 57(12), 747-750.
The intent of the study was to understand the impact of a study abroad initiative in helping nursing students to develop intercultural competence. 10 students enrolled in a sophomore-level nursing course voluntarily participated in a study. Students were engaged in a 7-week pre-departure hybrid class where they were trained on ICL concepts and students also participated in a service learning activity prior to their departure for the study abroad to Nicaragua. Further students completed a pre-IDI assessment prior to 4 weeks of departure. Upon arrival to the US, after 8 weeks students completed a post -IDI, the results of the assessment indicated that students were in Minimization and remained in Minimization after completing the study abroad. But there was a marginal increase in their DO scores after the program. Overall the pilot program demonstrated that the intervention designed for the pre-study abroad initiative was effective as it helped students to develop an understanding of other cultures. The study also acknowledges that the findings of the study cannot be generalized as the sample size was very small, there a study with a larger sample needs to be conducted to explain the impact of the study abroad program.
2018
Quantitative
Healthcare
2016-2020

Keywords:

intercultural-learning, study-abroad

Methodological Approach:

idi-instrument
Terzuolo, E. R. (2018). Intercultural development in study abroad: Influence of student and program characteristics. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 65, 86-95.
The study aimed to understand the impact of study abroad programs on students. The study was conducted in the US. The study used inferential statistics (ANOVA and correlation) to test the three hypotheses. The study used a quasi-experimental design. The participants for the study were: 108 students in the experiment group and 65 students in the control group. The results of the study demonstrated that students who studied abroad showed a significant increase in developmental orientation (DO) scores. Also, the female students (experimental group), who had a grandparent born and raised abroad and self-declared multicultural identity demonstrated a significant increase in their DO scores than students who remained on their home campus. The study also demonstrated that there was no significant relationship between the study abroad program characteristics and pre-post IDI mean scores.
2018
Quantitative
International Education
2016-2020

Keywords:

intercultural-mindset

Methodological Approach:

anova-one-way, anova-two-way-and-correlation, idi-survey
Taylor, D. B. (2017) Developing Graduate and Undergraduate Student Cultural Sensitivity and Emerging Competence Using the Intercultural Development Inventory. Journal of Education and Social Policy
The study focused on understanding how students at the undergraduate level develop cultural sensitivity and competence. The study focused on undergraduate students from three disciplines: nursing, school counseling, and pre-teaching candidates. The study was conducted pre and post-IDI for all three groups. The students from the nursing and school counseling domains served as the experiment group, whereas pre-teaching candidates served as the control group. The students from the experiment group were exposed to interventions related to intercultural competence. The results of the study demonstrated that there was a statistically significant increase in the post-DO scores for students from Nursing and school counseling, but there was a marginal increase and non-statistical increase in the DO scores of pre-teacher candidates. The study concluded that providing intercultural training helps the students to develop cultural sensitivity and competence.
2017
Quantitative
Higher Education (General)
2016-2020

Keywords:

curriculum-integration

Methodological Approach:

idi, study-abroad, t-test

White Paper

White Paper

Validity

Validity

Graduate Program

Graduate Program

Physical Therapy

Physical Therapy

Nursing

Nursing

Learning Communities

Learning Communities

First Year Students

First Year Students

High Impact Practices

High Impact Practices

Anti-Racism

Anti-Racism

World Language Learning

World Language Learning

Curriculum Revision

Curriculum Revision

Learning and Development

Learning and Development

Employee Engagement

Employee Engagement

Managers

Managers

COIL

COIL

Engineering Course

Engineering Course

UN Sustainable Development Goals

UN Sustainable Development Goals

Course Curriculum

Course Curriculum

Interior Design Curriculum

Interior Design Curriculum

Interior Design Education

Interior Design Education

Interior Design

Interior Design

Horse Industry

Horse Industry

Short-Term Study Abroad

Short-Term Study Abroad

Perseverance

Perseverance

Equity

Equity

Reconciliation

Reconciliation

Justice

Justice

Pilgrimage

Pilgrimage

Intercultural Leadership

Intercultural Leadership

Preservice Teachers

Preservice Teachers

Diverse Learners

Diverse Learners

Agricultural Education

Agricultural Education

Service Learning

Service Learning

Nutrition

Nutrition

CBMCC

CBMCC

Tertiary Education

Tertiary Education

Multicultural Education

Multicultural Education

Critical Race Theory

Critical Race Theory

Diversity Education

Diversity Education

Dilemma

Dilemma

Disorienting

Disorienting

Mentorship

Mentorship

Transformative Learning

Transformative Learning

Military

Military

Linguistics

Linguistics

Internationalization of School Education

Internationalization of School Education

Assessment

Assessment

Secondary School

Secondary School

International Pupil Mobility

International Pupil Mobility

Autobiography of Intercultural Encounters

Autobiography of Intercultural Encounters

Peru

Peru

Culturally Responsive School Leadership

Culturally Responsive School Leadership

Doctoral Students

Doctoral Students

Leadership

Leadership

Staff

Staff

Languages

Languages

Autobiography

Autobiography

Diversity

Diversity

Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism

Reflective Writing

Reflective Writing

International Education

International Education

Intercultural Development

Intercultural Development

Intercultural Development Continuum (IDC)

Intercultural Development Continuum (IDC)

Face-to-Face Learning

Face-to-Face Learning

Virtual Learning

Virtual Learning

Healthcare

Healthcare

Undergraduate Students

Undergraduate Students

STEM Education

STEM Education

Coaching

Coaching

Intercultural Development Plan (IDP)

Intercultural Development Plan (IDP)

IDI Guided Development

IDI Guided Development

Ethics Position Questionnaire

Ethics Position Questionnaire

Higher Education

Higher Education

SILC

SILC

Quasi-Experimental Design

Quasi-Experimental Design

Comfort Providing End-of-Life Care

Comfort Providing End-of-Life Care

ICL

ICL

STEM

STEM

Inventory For Assessing the Process of Cultural Competence among Healthcare Professionals-Student Version© (IAPCC-SV)

Inventory For Assessing the Process of Cultural Competence among Healthcare Professionals-Student Version© (IAPCC-SV)

Disposition To Forgive Scale

Disposition To Forgive Scale

NEP (New Ecological Paradigm)

NEP (New Ecological Paradigm)

LSS

LSS

Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying

Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying

Reflections

Reflections

MAKSS-R

MAKSS-R

myCAP

myCAP

Group Discussion

Group Discussion

Upper Class-Men

Upper Class-Men

CCSE

CCSE

Experiential Learning

Experiential Learning

Creative Action Methodology

Creative Action Methodology

Religious Orientation Scale-Revised

Religious Orientation Scale-Revised

Spiritual Assessment Inventory

Spiritual Assessment Inventory

Materialism Scale

Materialism Scale

Quest Scale

Quest Scale

Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revise

Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revise

Intercultural Learning (ICL)

Intercultural Learning (ICL)

Engineering

Engineering

Speech Therapy

Speech Therapy

Role of Institution/Instructor

Role of Institution/Instructor

Research Synthesis

Research Synthesis

Dependent Sample T-Tests

Dependent Sample T-Tests

Independent Sample T-Test

Independent Sample T-Test

Journal Entries

Journal Entries

Student Narratives

Student Narratives

Narrative Analysis

Narrative Analysis

Skills Survey-Revised (MAKSS-R)

Skills Survey-Revised (MAKSS-R)

Student Learning Outcomes

Student Learning Outcomes

Course Design

Course Design

Paired Sample t-Test

Paired Sample t-Test

Enneagram

Enneagram

Intercultural Conflict Style (ICS) Inventory

Intercultural Conflict Style (ICS) Inventory

Written Reflections

Written Reflections

Independent T-Test

Independent T-Test

Phenomenology

Phenomenology

Two-Sample t-Test

Two-Sample t-Test

One-Tailed Test

One-Tailed Test

Case Study

Case Study

N/A

N/A

Thematic Analysis of Various Documents

Thematic Analysis of Various Documents

IDI Instrument

IDI Instrument

Two-Way Analysis of Variance

Two-Way Analysis of Variance

Focus Group

Focus Group

Semi-Structured Interviews

Semi-Structured Interviews

CHI SQUARE

CHI SQUARE

ANCOVA

ANCOVA

Herman Brian Dominence Instrument

Herman Brian Dominence Instrument

Intervention

Intervention

Regression Analysis

Regression Analysis

Experiment and Control Groups of UG Students

Experiment and Control Groups of UG Students

IDI Survey

IDI Survey

Pre-Post IDI Survey

Pre-Post IDI Survey

Analysis of Variance

Analysis of Variance

Technical Action Research

Technical Action Research

Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative Analysis

Content Analysis

Content Analysis

Thematic Analysis

Thematic Analysis

Interviews

Interviews

Study Abroad

Study Abroad

ACC&U Rubrics for Scoring Written Responses

ACC&U Rubrics for Scoring Written Responses

Independent Sample T-Test and Thematic Analysis

Independent Sample T-Test and Thematic Analysis

Pre-Post Assessment

Pre-Post Assessment

Pre-Post-Test Design

Pre-Post-Test Design

ANOVA Two Way and Correlation

ANOVA Two Way and Correlation

Multiple Regression

Multiple Regression

Descriptive

Descriptive

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics and Content Analysis

Descriptive Statistics and Content Analysis

Descriptive Statistics and Small Scale Methodological Approach

Descriptive Statistics and Small Scale Methodological Approach

Correlation

Correlation

ANOVA

ANOVA

Descriptive Statistics and Thematic Analysis

Descriptive Statistics and Thematic Analysis

Paired T-Test

Paired T-Test

SAGS

SAGS

Pre-Interviews

Pre-Interviews

Critical Thinking Test Scale

Critical Thinking Test Scale

ANOVA One-Way

ANOVA One-Way

Quantitative

Quantitative

T-Test

T-Test

IDI

IDI
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